Variables Creating Conceptual Framework

 

independent, dependent, mediating, and moderating variables, often used in research models:

Application-

when we model any or create a conceptual framework / diagram then above 4 variables concept help us.

1. Independent Variable (IV)

The cause or predictor.
It is the variable you manipulate or consider as influencing another variable.

Example: Leadership style, training, budget, technology.

2. Dependent Variable (DV)

The effect or outcome.
It is what you measure and what you expect to change because of the independent variable.

Example: Green procurement performance, employee productivity, customer satisfaction.

3. Mediating Variable (Mediator)

Explains how or why an independent variable affects a dependent variable.
A mediator sits between the IV and DV.

Example:
Leadership style → Innovation capability (mediator) → Green procurement.

This means leadership style improves innovation capability, which then improves green procurement.

4. Moderating Variable (Moderator)

A variable that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
A moderator affects when, for whom, or under what conditions the IV influences the DV.

Example:
Big data analytics capability (moderator) strengthens the relationship between e-procurement and green procurement performance.

So the effect is stronger when big data capability is high.

Simple Diagram

Mediator:
IV → Mediator → DV

Moderator:
Moderator
   ↓
IV → DV

 

Conceptual Framework Example

Topic: Effect of Training Quality on Employee Performance

·        Independent Variable (IV): Training Quality

·        Dependent Variable (DV): Employee Performance

·        Mediator: Employee Motivation

·        Moderator: Organizational Support

Moderator

                           (Organizational Support)

                                              |

                                              v

Training Quality --------------------------------> Employee Performance

       |                                                                               ^

       |                                                                                |

       v                                                                               |

 Employee Motivation (Mediator) --------------------------