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Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and its Methodology

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  SLR A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is a structured method of collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing existing research on a specific topic. It follows a transparent and replicable process to minimize bias. Researchers define clear inclusion and exclusion criteria before screening studies. The process often uses frameworks like PRISMA to document search, screening, and selection steps. Ultimately, an SLR provides a comprehensive evidence base that supports academic research, policymaking, or practice guidelines. SLR Methodology Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) is an internationally recognized guideline that provides a structured framework for conducting and reporting SLRs. It ensures transparency, reproducibility, and completeness in how reviews are planned, executed, and presented. The latest version, PRISMA 2020 , updates the original 2009 guideline with clearer standards and expanded reporting items. Why PRISMA Matters...
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Toward a Balanced Meal Future: The Role of Procurement

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  Public procurement has the potential to shape dietary patterns at scale, particularly in institutions such as schools, hospitals, and military bases. While plant-based food habits are widely recognized for reducing risks of non-communicable diseases, including coronary conditions, procurement policies must also respect human rights and cultural preferences for meat consumption. This paper argues that the most fruitful pathway lies not in exclusionary approaches, but in designing procurement frameworks that promote balanced meals . Such an approach integrates the health benefits of plant-based diets with the principle of individual choice. Future research should therefore explore how procurement strategies can deliver a balanced meal future — one that harmonizes sustainability, nutrition, and human rights. It may be more fruitful to emphasize that procurement should lead to balanced meals . Plant-based food habits certainly protect people from diseases such as coronary heart con...
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Differences between Tracer Study and Training Impact Assessment

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  Tracer Study and Training Impact Assessment Dr. Rashid Tracer Study? A tracer study is a type of research method used to track and collect data on the outcomes and experiences of individuals after they have completed a specific program or activity. This is commonly used in educational, vocational, and training contexts to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and to understand the long-term impacts on participants. For example, universities might conduct tracer studies to track the employment status, career progression, and further education of graduates. The goal is to understand how well the program prepared them for the real world, and whether it met their needs and expectations. Key components of a tracer study often include: 1.     Survey or Interview : Gathering data directly from individuals (graduates, trainees, etc.). 2.     Follow-Up : Checking in with participants after a certain time has passed (often a few months or y...
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Training Needs Assessment Framework

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  Building Skills for Tomorrow: A Multi-Level Approach to Training Needs Assessment Dr. Engr. Md. Abdur Rashid Director (Research & Publication), NAPD ORCID Id In today’s rapidly evolving world, training is no longer a luxury—it is a necessity. From digital governance to project appraisal, institutions must continuously adapt to meet new challenges. But how do we ensure that training programs are relevant, effective, and aligned with national priorities?   In Bangladesh Planning Commission, there are six primary divisions, these are organized into various sectors, with some sources mentioning up to 17 specialized sectors across these divisions, focusing on areas like health, education, transport, and energy . The answer lies in a multi-level Training Needs Assessment (TNA) framework to ensure sector based capacity development . Now let get clear idea on sector, organization, and course level TNA. In general, sector level broad TNA can be carried out, followed by th...
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Financial vs. Economic Appraisal: Lessons from Real Case Studies

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  Financial vs. Economic Appraisal: Lessons from Real Case Studies Dr. Engr. Md. Abdur Rashid Director (Research & Publication) NAPD, Dhaka, Bangladesh When we talk about project appraisal, we’re really asking one big question: Should this project go ahead? It’s the final checkpoint before financing, where feasibility, costs, and broader impacts are weighed. But here’s the catch — a project that looks profitable on paper may not always deliver real value to society. That’s where the distinction between financial appraisal and economic appraisal becomes crucial. Economic Appraisal: The Society’s Lens Economic appraisal goes beyond financial returns, focusing on societal impact : Social cost-benefit analysis Shadow pricing to adjust for market distortions Effects on income distribution, savings, and investments Contribution to national goals: self-sufficiency, employment, and social order Financial Appraisal: The Investor’s Lens Financial apprais...
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SmartPLS Statistical Research Software

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  SmartPLS   Statistical Research Software SmartPLS 4 is a powerful statistical software designed for structural equation modeling (SEM), combining ease of use with advanced analytical capabilities. It supports both Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) and Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM), along with regression, factor analysis, and more. Key Features of SmartPLS 4 PLS-SEM + CB-SEM : Offers both variance-based and covariance-based SEM approaches. Regression & Factor Analysis : Beyond SEM, it supports traditional statistical techniques. User-Friendly Interface : Designed to simplify complex modeling tasks with intuitive workflows. Visualization Tools : Clear graphical outputs for path models and latent constructs. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a statistical technique that combines factor analysis and regression to study complex relationships among variables, including both direct and indirect effects. It’s widely used in social sc...
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