Variables Creating Conceptual Framework
independent, dependent, mediating, and moderating variables , often used in research models: Application- when we model any or create a conceptual framework / diagram then above 4 variables concept help us. 1. Independent Variable (IV) The cause or predictor . It is the variable you manipulate or consider as influencing another variable. Example: Leadership style, training, budget, technology. 2. Dependent Variable (DV) The effect or outcome . It is what you measure and what you expect to change because of the independent variable. Example: Green procurement performance, employee productivity, customer satisfaction. 3. Mediating Variable (Mediator) Explains how or why an independent variable affects a dependent variable. A mediator sits between the IV and DV. Example: Leadership style → Innovation capability (mediator) → Green procurement. This means leadership style improves innovation capability, which then improves green procurement. 4. Mo...